Preface

Both students and teachers of agricultural economics are concerned with the application of economic principles for the
purpose of resource mobilization and allocation in the agricultural sector. Therefore, the major subject areas of
interest for an agricultural economist include macroeconomics, microeconomics, production economics, econometrics, agricultural marketing, agribusiness management, farm management and accounting, agricultural finance, project appraisal analysis and planning, cooperative economics, mathematics and statistics, and other allied social science subject matter. With all these fields of study coupled with other disciplines in agriculture, an agricultural economist is constantly exposed to several theories, concepts, terms,
definitions, laws and -theorems of economics.

This book, therefore, is a compendium that is intended to provide first
hand and quick reference material to both the students and teachers of agricultural economics. It contains over one
thousand four hundred words from various economic subject areas. The intention therefore, is to put in the hands of readers
a companion document that would be useful at all times. Ideas presented in this book are derived from many relevant
reference materials, both text books and related web pages. It is not by any mean a substitute to text books in the relevant
and respective fields of study but efforts have been made to explain difficult terminologies to the understanding -and
comprehension ofpersons who may want to consult the book.

PROF. EDET JOSHUA UDOH
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension
University of Uyo, Uyo
Akwa lbom State, Nigeria

Preface

This book titled “Land Management and Resource Use Efficiency among Farmers in South-Eastern Nigeria” is a reproduction of a research paper forwarded to Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Foundation and African Real Estate Society (AFRES) in response to an international advertised competition requesting for research works on land management in Africa (Appendix I).
Although the brochure leaflet containing the advertised information was received only one week before the closing date, we hurriedly put the research paper together and posted it by special delivery mail.

It was a great joy, however, on receiving letters — months later — that our research Paper was declared the best (Appendix II) and carried a prize of £1 ,000 (one thousand British pounds) to be shared equally by two of us, a certificate each and that the official announcement of the award would be made at the conference of the African Real Estate Society, in Arusha, Tanzania, on 23-
25 October, 2001.

We were happy, as stated earlier not so much because of the money, certificates and the official announcement but because of the high calibre of the distinguished international scholars and professioners who selected our paper as the best.

The main objective of this research paper being published as a book is to give it a wider readership among professioners and researchers – particularly students in tertiary institutions both within and outside Nigeria.

In hurriedly putting this piece of work together, many individuals rendered one assistance or the other. We are deeply grateful to them all. However, the following are singled out for their special contributions and assistance. Dr. Titus Omonona, our Ph.D post-graduate students: Abdul-Ganiyu Ibrahim, Tunji Kehinde and Apata. Also, we are very grateful to our Departmental computer
operators: Mrs Yemisi Oluwagbemiro, Mrs Wumi Kuforiji and Mrs Sumbo Olaoye for painstakingly assisting us during and late alter the official closing period of work.

We would like to point out, however, that the views expressed in this book are those of the authors alone and should not be attributed to anyone else.

Edet J. Udoh | Jacob O. Akintola
December 2001.

CONTENTS

Chapter 1
OVERVIEWOF THENIGERIANENVIRONMENT
Ubong E.Harrison PhD & Iberedem E.Uko

Chapter 2
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) IN NIGERIA
Edem E. Esara PhD

Chapter 3
SOILS AND LANDFORMS IN NIGERIA
Samuel U. Ukata PhD

Chapter 4
SOIL EROSION AND LAND DEGRADATION IN NIGERIA
Uquetan I. Uquetan PhD

Chapter 5
DRAINAGE IN NIGERIA
Joel Efiong PhD

Chapter 6
POPULATION GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION IN NIGERIA
Elizabeth E.Andrew-Essien, Ph.D

Chapter 7
AQUATIC RESOURCES IN NIGERIA
Justin A. Akankali PhD & Ibienebo C. Davies

Chapter 8
DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS IN NIGERIA
Joy Eko Atu PhD

Chapter 9
DIVERSITY OF PLANTS IN NIGERIA
Samuel R. Osu, PhD and Jonathan O. Ekanem

Chapter 10
DEFORESTATION IN NIGERIA
Raphael Offiong PhD

Chapter 11
CLIMATE CHANGE IN NIGERIA
Professor Imo J. Ekpoh

Chapter 12
DESERTIFICATION AND DESERT ENCROACHMENT IN NIGERIA
Margaret Abba Yaro PhD and Ukpali Obongha

Chapter 13
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
Benedict Eka PhD

Chapter 14
TOURISM IN NIGERIA
Asuquo Ekeng Ita PhD

CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE: THE SETTING
CHAPTER TWO: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION?
CHAPTER THREE: CONCEPTUALIZING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
CHAPTER FOUR: FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
CHAPTER FIVE: SITUATING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STUDY
CHAPTER SIX: WHAT DATA FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STUDY?
CHAPTER SEVEN: TRENDS IN CLIMATE CHANGE: WHAT THE DATA SAY
CHAPTER EIGHT: CLIMATE INFORMATION SOURCES AND ACCESSIBILITY
CHAPTER NINE: FARMER’S KNOWLEDGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
CHAPTER TEN: CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
CHAPTER ELEVEN: IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
CHAPTER TWELVE: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: ACTIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

PREFACE

In the past couple of decades, climate change and its impacts on developing nations have occupied the attention of Science and Policy Communities. However, while the science community in developed countries is advanced in climate change research, this area of study has only recently started receiving attention in the developing countries. Many such studies tend to Focus on only a select and
narrow issues in the climate change field.

This book is a product of over four years of empirical investigation of several aspects of climate change in the agricultural sector-the mainstay of the economies of most developing countries. The book draws empirical evidences from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria- a region widely known for its environmental, social and economic complexities. It begins by justifying why climate change investigation in developing countries is necessary, explains the concept of climate change adaptation and provides a framework for analyzing climate change adaptation. The book breaks new ground by providing the reader with the tools for developing index of farmers’ Climate Change Knowledge as well as farmers’ vulnerability to climate change. Also discussed are the impacts of climate change and adaptation approaches used by farmers and fishermen. Based on the real lite experience of those most affected by climate change in developing countries-farmers and fisherfolks, actions to enhance climate change adaptation are included.

Informed by the personal experiences of the authors, as researchers and practitioners of agriculture, that agricultural practice takes place in different types ot agro-ecosystems, the treatment of the subjects in the text is as they apply to upland and wetland farming systems and fishing environment. In addition, the gender dimensions of climate change is given due prominence.

The reader will find in this book comprehensive information on climate change, climate vulnerability, and climate change adaptation in the important agro-ecosystems. The book is therefore, recommended for students, teachers, researchers, environmentalists, policy makers, the civil society organizations and International Development Institutions interested in addressing the serious problem of climate change in developing countries in particular and the global level in general.

MEET THE AUTHORS

GABRIEL UMOH is a Professor of Agricultural and Development Economics at the University of Uyo, Nigeria. A two time Head of Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension and member of Senate, University of Uyo, Professor Umoh has been a Consultant to many national and international institutions including the World Bank, European Commission, USAID, UNDP, among others. He is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of an NGO-African Human Development Centre (AHDC) based in Uyo, Uyo – Nigeria.

EDET UDOH is a Professor of Agricultural Economics at the University of Uyo-Nigeria. Former Head of Department, Agricultural Economics and Extension, and former Acting Director Centre for Skills Acquisition and Rural Development University of Uyo, he is a consultant to many national and international institutions.

VALERIE SOLOMON is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension. Her research interests are in agricultural sociology, gender issues and climate change.

GLORY EDET is a Lecturer in Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo-Nigeria. Her research is in resource and environmental economics. She has served Akwa lbom State Government as Honourable Commissioner of Women Affairs and Social Development.

UWEM CLEMENT is a Lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. He is an Agricultural Extensionist with interest in agricultural extension and communication. Uwem is currently a doctoral student in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

GODWIN OKORO holds a PhD in Agricultural Extension. He is a Lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.

NKOYO BASSEY is a Lecturer in Agricultural Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. She is a doctoral student in the Department of Agricultural Economics University
of Ibadan, Nigeria.

OBOT DOMINIC holds PhD in Agricultural Economics and works as a Programme Staff in African Human Development Centre (AHDC), Uyo-Nigeria.

ELIZABETH ATAIRET is a doctoral student in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension University of Uyo, Nigeria.